ADSU Global Journal of Geography and Environmental Sciences (ADSU-GJGES)
Assessment of the Distribution of Healthcare Personnel in the Northern Senatorial Zone of Adamawa State, Nigeria
Improving maternal health outcomes requires the availability of skilled birth attendants, including midwives, nurses, and physicians, distributed equitably across geographic areas. Nigeria possesses one of the largest health workforces on the African continent, yet this workforce remains insufficient to meet the country's health needs, particularly in underserved rural and conflict-affected areas. This study assesses the spatial distribution of healthcare personnel across the five Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the Northern Senatorial Zone of Adamawa State, namely Madagali, Mubi North, Mubi South, Michika, and Maiha. The zone comprises a total of 270 health centres, from which 70 were selected using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) proportional sampling formula. Primary data were collected through GPS-coordinated field surveys, structured questionnaires, and purposive interviews administered to 397 health personnel. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and results presented in tabular and cartographic form. The findings reveal a critical shortage of qualified healthcare workers across the study area, with only six doctors recorded for the entire zone. While community health extension workers constitute the majority of the health workforce, there is marked inequality in the distribution of skilled personnel — particularly nurses, midwives, and physicians — across the five LGAs. The study recommends that the state government prioritize targeted recruitment and deployment of skilled personnel to rural health centers, invest in training and capacity building, and implement structured retention strategies to sustain healthcare delivery in the zone.
Assessment of Landuse -Landcover Change and its Impact on Runoff Depth in the River Kilange Catchment, Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study assessed landuse/cover change and its impact on runoff depth in the River Kilange catchment for the period (1994 to 2024) using the Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) Model. The data used in the study are soil map from the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-Digital Elevation Model-SRTM-DEM (2019). Other secondary data are Landsat TM and OLI imageries for the years 1994 and 2024 respectively. The digital data were processed in Arc-Hydro and HecGeoHMS GIS Extensions, and the SPSS-16 statistical package was used to carry out the analyses. The results of analyses were presented in tables, charts and maps. The Upper-Kilange sub-catchment recorded the highest rate of landcover transformation, with 390% of other landuse/cover types converted to bare/cropland category. Loko subcatchment had relatively minimal landuse/cover change to bare/cropland with increase of 36.85 %. In the wood-forest landcover category, Lower-kilange had highest loss with 49.09 % decline, whereas Loko represents the least change with a decline of 11-39%. Runoff depth change in the study area during the study period follows the pattern of observed landuse/cover change. A 13.32% absolute increase in model-generated runoff was observed in the River Kilange catchment. Result of t-test, however, indicated the change difference between 1994 and 2024 was not statistically significant (P=0.68). This is likely due to high spatial variability among the sub-catchments considering the size of the study catchment, which is 5323 square kilometres. Increase in rock-outcrop and bare/cropland categories, and reduction in areas under wood forest, and shrub/grassland contributed to rise in runoff depth. This study recommends the regulation of fuel-wood exploitation to reduce the pressure on woodforest. Afforestation measures can also reverse the current trend of landuse/landcover conversions that affect hydrological processes in the River Kilange catchment.
Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Harvested Rainwater Collected from Corrugated Iron Rooftops in Gashaka Lamorde, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study assessed the quality of rainwater harvested from corrugated iron rooftops in Gashaka Lamorde, Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria, to determine its suitability for domestic use and evaluate associated health risks. Rainwater samples were collected from selected locations during the rainy season between May and September. Standard analytical procedures were used to determine physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and microbiological quality, while health risk assessment models were applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in adults and children. The results showed variations in water quality across sampling locations and periods. Most physicochemical parameters were within recommended drinking water standards, while heavy metals detected were generally below permissible limits. However, total coliform bacteria were detected in several samples, indicating microbial contamination likely associated with rooftop debris and environmental pollutants. Non-carcinogenic health risks were generally within acceptable safety limits, although children showed relatively higher exposure risks than adults. Carcinogenic risk values were mostly within internationally acceptable limits. Overall, harvested rainwater from corrugated iron rooftops in the study area can serve as an alternative domestic water source, but routine monitoring, proper rooftop maintenance, and appropriate treatment before consumption are recommended to ensure public health safety.
Quality Assessment of Harvested Rain Water Collected From Corrugated Iron Rooftops in Mubi Metrapolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study comprehensively evaluates the quality of harvested rainwater collected from corrugated iron rooftops in Arahan Kunu and Chandal within Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Rapid urbanization and chronic municipal water supply deficits have forced these communities to rely heavily on harvested rooftop rainwater for daily domestic needs. Nine seasonal rainwater samples and corresponding ground-level controls were collected during May, July, and September to systematically assess the direct impact of catchment surfaces on water safety. Essential physicochemical parameters, including pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand, were measured alongside total coliform bacterial counts using standard laboratory protocols. Trace heavy metal concentrations, specifically zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, manganese, and chromium, were carefully quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry following a comprehensive microwave-assisted sample digestion method. The investigation focuses on characterizing localized chemical contamination pathways driven by atmospheric deposition, dry-season dust, animal droppings, and rooftop material leaching via accelerated corrosion. By modeling toxicological suitability and microbial risk profiles, this paper successfully establishes a critical baseline for domestic water safety. The ultimate goal is providing empirical data to guide localized first-flush diversion practices and essential public health interventions within water-scarce sub-Saharan semi-urban environment landscapes.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics and Thermal Conditions in Adamawa State, Nigeria Using NDVI and Land Surface Temperature (2000–2025)
This study investigates the spatio-temporal relationship between vegetation dynamics and land surface temperature (LST) in Adamawa State, Nigeria over the period 2000–2025 using Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST data processed through Google Earth Engine. Annual composites were generated to assess long-term trends, spatial patterns, and the interaction between vegetation greenness and surface temperature. The results show that NDVI values remained relatively stable across the study period, with vegetation classes ranging from very low to high greenness, indicating a heterogeneous landscape typical of savanna ecosystems. NDVI anomaly analysis revealed considerable variability in vegetation conditions, with wider ranges observed in 2000 (−0.56 to 0.43) and 2025 (−0.58 to 0.57), while 2015 exhibited a narrower range (−0.27 to 0.14), suggesting comparatively more stable vegetation conditions during that period. Land surface temperature remained consistently high, ranging approximately from 24°C to over 40°C in earlier years, with a reduction in maximum values to about 37°C by 2025. Spatial analysis further showed that areas with lower vegetation cover corresponded to higher surface temperatures. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between NDVI and LST, with correlation coefficients of r = −0.321 (2000), r = −0.703 (2015), and r = −0.686 (2025), all significant at p < 0.001, indicating strengthening vegetation–temperature coupling over time. This interaction highlights the influence of both climatic variability and land use changes on environmental conditions in the region. Based on these results, the study underscores the need for sustainable land management practices, including afforestation and reforestation, to enhance vegetation cover and help regulate surface temperatures. It also emphasizes the importance of continuous environmental monitoring using remote sensing tools, as well as the integration of vegetation–temperature indicators into policy and planning to support climate adaptation and environmental conservation. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating NDVI and LST in monitoring ecosystem dynamics and understanding long-term environmental change.
Assessing the Trends and Patterns of Some Selected Climate Change Variables (Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall) on Agricultural and Pastoral Livelihood of the People of Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State Between 1994 and 2024
This study assessed the trends and patterns of some selected climate change variables, which includes temperature, humidity and rainfall in Bassa Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria, between 1994 and 2024. Secondary climatic data were collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). The analysis of the climatic data, included annual mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, and rainfall for the period understudy (1994–2024). Temperature increased from 29.8°C to 32.9°C (maximum) and 14.0°C to 16.3°C (minimum), while relative humidity declined from 62.4% to 55.6%, and rainfall fluctuated between 1,025 mm and 1,918 mm. The study concludes the trends and patterns of climate change have witness significant changes, over the past 30 years in Bassa Local Government. Consequently, the study shows a direct link between climate change effects on climatic variability, the changes have led to reduced pasture availability, altered vegetation composition, and diminished access to water sources which has also increased competition for environmental resources.
Assessing the Role of Agricultural Practices in Accelerating Forest Degradation in Hong LGA Adamawa State, Nigeria
Forest degradation has emerged as a critical environmental challenge in Hong Local Government Area due to increasing population pressure and the heavy dependence of rural households on agriculture and forest resources for livelihood. This study adopts a mixed-method approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were obtained through the administration of structured questionnaire copies across six wards using a stratified sampling technique, while secondary data were sourced from existing literature, forestry reports, and previous studies on land use. A total of 398 questionnaires were administered, out of which 381 were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies and percentages. The results revealed that agricultural practices play a significant role in driving forest degradation in the study area. Land clearing for farming was identified as the most dominant factor (94.0%) reflecting the expansion of subsistence agriculture into forested lands. Fuelwood extraction (91.1%) was also a major driver, indicating high dependence on biomass energy. Similarly, slash-and-burn agriculture (90.5%) contributes to both immediate forest loss and long-term soil degradation. Other factors such as poor land management practices (86.6%), overgrazing and farmland expansion (86.1%), use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (80.6%), and shifting cultivation (76.1%) further contribute to vegetation loss, soil degradation, and reduced forest regeneration. The study concludes that forest degradation in Hong LGA is largely driven by unsustainable agricultural practices, reinforced by socio-economic pressures, energy dependence on fuelwood, and weak institutional frameworks. This study recommends the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices such as agroforestry, crop rotation, and conservation agriculture, as well as the promotion of alternative energy sources like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogas to reduce pressure on forest.
Evaluation of Settlement Encroachment into River Floodplains and Land Use Transformation, A Four-Decade Geospatial Analysis of the Ngadda River Corridor, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Settlement encroachment into river floodplains represents a critical challenge to sustainable urban development in rapidly growing African cities. This study examines the spatial patterns and environmental implications of settlement expansion within the River Ngadda floodplain in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, spanning the period 1985–2025. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, integrating geospatial analysis of multi-temporal satellite imagery Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7,8 & 9 ETM+ were used, with structured questionnaire surveys (n = 381) and field observations. Land use/land cover (LULC) transformations were quantified using ArcGIS 10.5, with GPS-facilitated ground-truthing ensuring classification accuracy. Results indicate a substantial transformation of the floodplain landscape, as built-up areas increased from 20.3% in 1995 to 54.9% in 2025, representing a 63.19% expansion. In contrast, vegetation declined from 46.4% to 24.0%, alongside significant reductions in bare surfaces, reflecting the loss of natural land covers. Additionally, water surface area increased by 172.38%, suggesting intensified flooding linked to reduced infiltration and increased surface runoff. Survey findings further reveal that 75% of respondents perceived continuous settlement expansion, while 80% reported increased flood frequency and intensity. Population growth and weak regulatory enforcement were identified as major drivers of encroachment. The study concludes that persistent floodplain encroachment has degraded ecological integrity and heightened flood vulnerability. It therefore recommends strict land-use regulation, integrated floodplain management, and sustainable housing strategies to enhance urban resilience.
Effects of Varieties on the Growth and Yield of some Tomatoes [Solanum esculentum (L.)] in Mubi, Northern Guinea Savannah, Nigeria
The study determined the effect of varieties on the growth and yield of some tomatoes in Mubi Northern Guinea Savannah Nigeria. Tomatoes were obtained from Mubi main market for the experiment. The experimental treatments consist of three different varieties of tomatoes viz; (Seria, UC, and UTC) respectively. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The plot size was measured 3m x 3m with alley of 1m between replication and 1m between plots. Tomatoes seeds were sown directly into the soil by dibbling method Sowing was done by hand using hoe and after germination the seedlings were thinned to one per stand in a hole for better yield. The results of varieties on plant height showed a significant difference (P≤0.01) level of significance at 3, 6, and 9 WAS, UTC recorded the highest mean value (23.17) followed by Seria (14.47) with UC recording the least (9.76) at 3 WAS. Similarly, at 6 and 9 WAS UTC recorded the highest mean value of (60.69) and (78.52) followed by Seria at (78.08cm) at 9 WAS and (49.75cm) at 6 WAS where UC recorded the least at (41.02cm) and (61.16cm) at 6 and 9 WAS. The results obtained agree with the findings (lqtidar et al, 2006 and Keskar et al; 2011). The number of branches per plant at 3, 6 and 9 WAS, the results showed a significant of (P ≥ 0.01) differences at 3,6 and 9 WAS. UTC recorded the highest mean value (20.26), (14.66) seria at 9 WAS followed by UC (14.80) and (9.20) seria at 6 WAS.
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Quality Assessment of Monazite Deposit Obtained from Bahuli Community Mubi North Local Government Area, Adamawa State Nigeria
The study determines the concentration of monazite deposits in Bahuli Community Mubi North LGA, Adamawa State with the specific objectives to determine the textural parameter of the soil sample, the monazite concentration from the sample and to determine the heavy metals from monazite mineral in the study area. Five raw sand samples (BH1 – BH5) were collected at depth of 20-50cm from the five sampling stations at an interval of 0.5 -1km in a polythene sample bag and were labeled accordingly in the same way for analysis. All samples were subjected to detailed mineralogical analysis for textural analysis and recovery of monazite mineral. A representative composite sample of 100g was taken for analysis after mixing. Mineralogical analysis to determine the content (%) was carried out as per the procedure developed by the Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD). The analysis of the study shows that all locations indicated a fine size except Dawa location, which indicated coarse size. Also, almost all the locations indicated well sorted except Munugu which shows Moderately well sorted and Dawa River poorly sorted. The study revealed that Nduku location has the highest concentration of monazite at 19%, making it a potentially valuable site for rare earth element extraction and Dawa River has no detectable monazite concentration, with a value of 0.0%. The study concluded that heterogeneous mixture of grain sizes, possibly due to high-energy conditions or variable depositional environments and monazite concentration varies significantly among the locations. Therefore, given its high monazite concentration, detailed geological surveys and feasibility studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential for monazite mining. Environmental impact assessment is crucial to understand the potential effects of mining activities in the study area. · ; · ; · ; · ;; ·
Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Pepper [Capsicum annuum (L.)] in Mubi North Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study investigated the effect of nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of sweet pepper [Capsicum annuum (L.)] under field conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four nitrogen levels 0, 50 100, and 150 kg N ha-1 , replicated three times. Data was collected on plant height, number of leaves, lateral branches, stem girth, number of fruit, fruit length, fruit weight, and total fruit yield, and were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results revealed that nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced of both vegetative growth and yield components of sweet pepper. Increase in nitrogen levels enhanced growth and yield up to 100 kg N ha-1 , beyond which yield declined. The highest growth and yield performance were obtained at 100 kg N ha-1 , indicating this rate as the optimum for sweet pepper production under the conditions of the study. The findings highlight the importance of nitrogen nutrition in improving sweet pepper productivity and suggest that excessive nitrogen application does not necessarily enhance yield. The study recommends the application of 100 kg N ha-1 for optimal performance and efficient nutrient use in sweet pepper cultivation.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in some Processed Forms of Cannabis Sativa Commonly Consumed in Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study assesses the concentrations of heavy metals in three major cannabis processed forms (Bush, Arizona, and Loud) sold in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Cannabis samples were systematically collected from three key locations—Numan, Mubi, and Yola—representing the state’s senatorial districts. The study employed standardized methodologies for sample pre-treatment, digestion, and analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to quantify seven heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). A rigorous digestion process was utilized, combining concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in optimal ratios to ensure comprehensive analysis. The findings revealed the absence of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in all tested cannabis samples. Lead (Pb), however, was detected in the Bush and Arizona varieties obtained from Numan, with levels reaching 0.68 mg/kg—exceeding the regulatory limit of 0.5 mg/kg set by WHO. Iron (Fe) emerged as the predominant metal across all samples, presenting a mean concentration of 19.36 mg/kg, followed by copper (Cu) at 5.86 mg/kg, manganese (Mn) at 2.79 mg/kg, and zinc (Zn) at 1.68 mg/kg. Despite most metals adhering to permissible thresholds, the elevated levels of lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) raise significant health concerns. Lead contamination poses a severe risk of neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular disorders through immune modulation and oxidative stress mechanisms, while excessive iron accumulation disrupts cellular functions, potentially leading to liver damage, metabolic acidosis, and organ failure. These findings underscore the health hazards associated with heavy metal contamination in cannabis varieties sold in Adamawa State. The research advocates for stringent regulatory measures, public health awareness campaigns, and continuous monitoring to mitigate the risks posed by cannabis consumption and ensure consumer safety.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Public Transport Choice in Rural Edo State, Nigeria for Sustainable Mobility
Rural transportation systems in developing countries face critical challenges impeding sustainable development. This study examines how socio-demographic and economic characteristics influence public transport choice among rural residents in Edo State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1,250 respondents across 18 communities in six local government areas through multi-stage sampling and structured questionnaires. Analysis employed chi-square tests, descriptive statistics, and cross-tabulation. Findings reveal that age, gender, education, occupation, and income significantly influence transport mode selection (χ² = 47.832, p < 0.001). Approximately 68% of respondents rely on walking due to limited options and poor roads, while economically active populations (79.8% aged 25-55) prefer motorized transport when available. Education and income emerged as critical determinants, with higher-income earners favoring commercial motorcycles and buses. Gender disparities exist, as women predominantly walk for short trips due to safety concerns and economic constraints. The study concludes that transport policy interventions must account for demographic heterogeneity to ensure inclusive rural mobility. Recommendations include targeted subsidies for vulnerable groups, expansion of intermediate transport options, and gender-sensitive planning.
Population Dynamics, Economic Activities and Rural Sustainability in Edo State, Nigeria
Rural population decline critically challenges sustainable development in developing regions, affecting economic vitality, labor availability, and community resilience. This study examines how population size and structure variations affect economic activities in rural Edo State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 1,250 respondents across 18 communities in six local government areas through structured questionnaires and chi-square analysis. Findings reveal significant population decline across districts, with 46.4% of respondents reporting substantial decreases. The economically active population (ages 25-55) constitutes 89.8% of respondents, yet 53.4% engage in low-productivity informal sector activities. Rural-urban migration emerged as the primary decline driver (Mean Index = 4.35), followed by inadequate infrastructure (4.18) and limited opportunities (4.05). Chi-square analysis confirmed significant relationships between population variation and economic activities (χ² = 45.732, p < 0.05). Population decline caused agricultural labor shortages (42.2%), reduced market vitality (38.5%), and weakened community institutions (28.7%). Reversing rural population decline requires integrated strategies addressing push factors (poor infrastructure, limited opportunities) and pull factors through targeted investments. Recommendations include establishing rural industrial clusters, improving infrastructure, creating youth retention incentives, and promoting agricultural mechanization.
Integrated Assessment of Cumulative Health Risk Index and Lifetime Cancer Risk of Groundwater Heavy Metals in Bokkos Town, Plateau State, Nigeria
Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in Bokkos Town, Plateau State, Nigeria. This study assessed water quality and human health risks using hydrochemical analysis, statistical evaluation, and the USEPA risk framework. Twenty sources (17 wells, 3 boreholes) were sampled for manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Risks were quantified using Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR), and child-to-adult TCR ratios. Results showed mean concentrations of Mn (0.074 mg/L), Cr (0.055 mg/L), and As (0.014 mg/L), with several samples exceeding WHO limits, particularly Mn and As. Non-carcinogenic risk analysis indicated elevated HI at multiple sites, with children showing greater vulnerability. Carcinogenic risk assessment revealed most sources exceeded the USEPA acceptable threshold (1.0 x 10-3 ), with BIO having the highest TCR (adult: 2.48 x 10-3 ; child: 5.02 x 10-3). Pearson correlation indicated strong positive associations, especially between Cr and As (r = 0.82, P < 0.01). One-sample t-tests confirmed significant exceedances for Mn (t = 2.45, P = 0.024) and As (t = 3.98, P = 0.001). Arsenic and manganese are major contaminants, with children disproportionately affected. Recommendations include regular groundwater monitoring, provision of safe water sources, public awareness campaigns, and enforcement of water quality regulations to reduce exposure and protect vulnerable populations.
In Vivo Safety Assessment of Aqueous Extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus, Boswellia dalzielii, and Cochlospermum tinctorium Administered singly and as a Polyherbal Concoction, in Malaria-Infected Rats
This study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus leaves, Boswellia dalzielii stem bark, and Cochlospermum tinctorium roots, administered singly and as a combined formulation, in malaria-induced Wistar rats. Acute toxicity testing revealed no mortality up to 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating an LD₅₀ greater than 5000 mg/kg. The sub-chronic toxicity assessment showed that malaria infection significantly altered the hematological indices and the liver and kidney function biomarkers of the subjects. The results further shows that treatment of the infested rats with the therapeutic doses of 0.8, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 ml/kg of the individual plant extracts and the polyherbal concoction improved most of the altered parameters, with values largely remaining within normal physiological ranges. However, rats treated with single plant extracts exhibited better restoration of hematological and biochemical parameters compared to those treated with the combined extract. Overall, the results indicate that the individual extracts and their concoction are relatively safe at the administered doses, though polyherbal combinations may not necessarily confer enhanced therapeutic benefits as mostly perceived in the study location. These findings underscore the importance of safety evaluation and formulation optimization of traditional herbal medicines.
Efficacy of Moringa oleifera Seed and Leaf Powders as Natural Insect Repellents in the Preservation of Sun-Dried Mormyrus Fish in Mubi-Nigeria
Insect infestation poses a major threat to the quality and shelf life of sun-dried fish, causing physical damage and nutritional losses. The search for eco-friendly alternatives to chemical preservatives has led to the exploration of plant-based bio-pesticides. This study investigated the potential of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf powders as natural insect repellents for preservation in sun-dried Mormyrus fish in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Freshly dried Mormyrus fish samples were collected from fishers at Kiri Reservoir and transported to Mubi for experimentation. Moringa leaves and seeds were shade-dried, ground into fine powders, and applied at varying concentrations. Five treatments were established: T1 (control, no treatment), T2 (25 g moringa leaf powder MLP), T3 (50 g MLP), T4 (25 g moringa seed powder MSP), and T5 (50 g MSP), each replicated three times. One hundred grams of sun-dried fish were stored per carton (15 cartons in total) for 90 days under ambient conditions. Four insect species were identified during the storage period: Necrobia rufipes adults, N. rufipes larvae, Dermestes maculatus adults, and Diptera larvae. The control (T1) recorded the highest infestations with 5.67 adult N. rufipes and 23.66 Diptera larvae, whereas T5 (50 g seed powder) recorded the lowest numbers (2.67 adult N. rufipes and 7.00 Diptera larvae). The highest mortality of N. rufipes larvae (310.33) occurred in T5, while adult D. maculatus mortality (2.33) peaked in T3 (50 g leaf powder). The application of M. oleifera seed and leaf powders effectively reduced insect infestation and increased pest mortality in sun-dried Mormyrus fish. These findings suggest that moringa-based powders are promising eco-friendly alternatives for fish preservation. Future research should explore the synergistic effects of moringa with other botanical extracts and evaluate its long-term efficacy as a biological control agent.
Assessment of Population Growth and Social Protection Programme in Nigeria: Cash Transfer Scheme in Focus
Population size and structure play a vital role in national planning and development, as people depend on natural, social, and economic resources for survival. Increasing population expands demand for human and natural resources. This often leads to socio-economic and environmental challenges. In Nigeria, a significant portion of the population faces poverty and unemployment, prompting government intervention through diverse programmes including Social Protection Programmes (SPPs). These programmes, particularly cash transfers are devices intending to alleviate poverty and support vulnerable populations. Thus, this paper explores the effectiveness of these interventions amidst a rapidly growing population in Nigeria, using secondary data and qualitative analysis. Findings reveal that only about 36% of the 15million target population has benefited from the programmes; the financial support often provided is too small to generate meaningful economic uplift in the face of rising inflation and business costs; and factors such as illiteracy, poor banking infrastructure, political favoritism, and weak transport systems further limit the accessibility and success of the programmes, particularly in rural dwellers. The study recommends government should increase the financial allocation for social protection programmes to reach a larger proportion of the poor; efforts should be made to improve literacy rates, especially in rural areas to improve participation in cash transfer schemes; and lastly, a robust and transparent beneficiary selection process should be adopted to eliminate political interference and ensure that the most vulnerable populations are prioritized. ; · ; · ; · ; ·
Analyzing the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Socio-Economic Impacts of Deforestation in Yola South Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria (2004-2024)
Deforestation is a serious threat to both ecosystems and the livelihoods of people in West Africa. This study provides a closer examination of the patterns, causes, and socio-economic impact of deforestation in the Yola South Local Government Area (LGA), a key region in Adamawa State, Nigeria. To address this issue, we used a mixed-methods approach that combined Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing with socio-economic surveys. We analyzed Landsat satellite images from 2004, 2014, and 2024 to track changes in land use and land cover (LULC), We also distributed a structured questionnaire to 300 randomly chosen households and conducted key informant interviews to gather insights on local perceptions, impacts, and driving factors. Our GIS analysis indicates a 62% drop in forest cover, shrinking from 37,895.31 hectares in 2004 to 14,389.92 hectares by 2024. Meanwhile, agricultural land expanded by 167%. The survey revealed that a significant 88% of residents are aware of deforestation, with agricultural expansion (40%), firewood collection (22%), and logging (16%) identified as the main culprits. The socio-economic impacts are concerning reduction in crop yield (28%), soil erosion (22%), and rising firewood costs (18%) reported. Notably, 74% of respondents felt that their livelihoods were negatively affected, and 66% connected deforestation to increased poverty in the community. This study highlights a critical and worsening deforestation crisis in Yola South LGA, primarily driven by agricultural growth and energy demands. The consequences include severe environmental degradation and socio-economic challenges. We strongly recommend urgent, integrated actions, such as promoting sustainable farming practices, offering alternative energy solutions, enforcing environmental regulations, and launching large-scale community-based reforestation initiatives.
Assessing the Influence of Climate Variability on Malaria and Typhoid Fevers Cases in Guyuk Local Government of Adamawa state of Nigeria
The study focuses on the impact of climate variability on Malaria and Typhoid Fevers cases in Guyuk Local Government of Adamawa State. The objective of the study is to look at how variations in patterns of climatic elements influence the incidence of malaria and typhoid fevers cases in Guyuk Local Government Area. The method of data collection is fieldwork where the researcher visited the hospitals in the study area in order to collect data. The research used both primary and secondary data sources. The data of monthly record of temperature (minimum and maximum); rainfall and relative humidity from 2014 to 2023 for Guyuk, were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) Adamawa. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as such as correlation was used to analyze the data where results were presented in percentages and bar charts. The research reveals that malaria and typhoid fevers were the two most common climate variability related diseases that occur in the study area. The relationship between malaria and typhoid fevers and the climatic elements such as temperature and relative humidity were high meanwhile relative humidity have the most significant effect on the two diseases. On the seasonal basis, all the three climatic elements were found to influence the occurrence of these diseases based on prevailing season, but the influence varied from one disease to another. It was observed that malaria and typhoid had the highest number of mean of occurrence in all the months. The frequency of typhoid was low when compared to malaria. The study showed that relative humidity and rainfall have a greater influence on the occurrence of malaria and typhoid when compared to the effect of temperature, hence malaria and typhoid showed a more significant relationship with the weather elements. The study recommends that Because of the prevalence of malaria in the study area, it is recommended that free mosquito nets should be provided regularly to the people.
Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in Nigeria
Climate change is one of the most significant global environmental challenges in both developed and developing countries, however its impact on food security is much more felt in developing countries such as Nigeria, especially among the poor and other vulnerable groups. Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall pattern, desertification, and extreme weather events have led to declining crop yields and loss of arable land. Nigeria, with its dependence on rain-fed agriculture, is particularly vulnerable to the ripple effects of climate change. About 70% of Nigeria’s population depend on agriculture either directly or indirectly for their livelihood, and climate-induced disruptions thereby threaten livelihoods and economic stability. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of climate change on food security in Nigeria. The objectives are to examine the nature and trend of climate change in Nigeria, examine the relationship between climate change and food security and identify adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance resilience and ensure sustainable food security in the study area. Data for the paper were gotten through systematic review of extant literature to identify, evaluate and synthesize relevant research on climate trend and food security with a review to examine the impacts of climate change on food security. The findings indicate that climate change has led to reduced crop yields, increased desertification, frequent flooding, and disruptions in food supply chains. The study concludes that climate change significantly threatens food security in Nigeria, with worsening impacts expected in the future. To mitigate these effects, the paper among others recommend the adoption of climate-smart agriculture, investment in irrigation infrastructure, use of improved seed varieties, and improved storage facilities.
Drought Characterization Using Standardized Precipitation Index for Sustainable Crop Farming in Yola, North-East Nigeria
In this paper, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) technique was employed to assess drought characteristics in Yola, Adamawa State. Monthly rainfall data for the period of fifty (50) years (1969-2018) was obtained from Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority, Yola. The data were analyzed to characterized drought using SPI method. The result shows that within the 50 years study period, Yola experienced 20 years (40 %) of drought events. The years 1973, 1987 and 2002 were classified as extremely dry and 1971, 1974 and 2006 as severely dry respectively. Analysis of drought duration in Yola shows that the area had few cases of sporadic events and more of one year with 4 incidences (50%) prolong back to back events of two years constitute 25 % of drought duration. Decade temporal analysis shows that the fourth decade 1999-2008 recorded the highest frequency with 7 incidences. Similarly, sever and extreme drought events were recorded in 3 years (6 %) each in the area. Generally, 1969-1978 and 1999-2008 decades were characterized as mildly drought events (SPI =-0.99 to 0). Out of the 40 % of drought events 18 % occurred with mildly drought, moderately drought (-1.0 to -1.49) constituted 10 % and 6 % were of the severely dry and extremely dry conditions (-1.5 to -3.0) respectively. Implications of findings were thoroughly discussed as it affects sustainable farming in the area. Due to seasonal drought episode identified in this study, farmers are therefore recommends to early maturing crop varieties and also adopt the use of soil water conservation techniques. Government should also provide drought resistant seedlings and the establishment of a drought monitoring and mitigation centre.
Effects of Striga (Striga gesnerioides Wild Vatke) on the Growth and Yield of some Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (l.) Walp.] Varieties in Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria
Cowpea yield loss associated with Striga gesnerioides have been reported to range between 83 to 100 %. For sustainable food production to meet the increasing population in developing countries like Nigeria, the production of cowpea need to be increased through proper selection of variety that can resist striga effects. The experiments was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adamawa State University Mubi, to investigate the effect of striga (Striga gesnerioides Wild Vatke) on the growth and yield of some cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) varieties. The treatments consisted of three improved cowpea varieties and four commonly cultivated genotypes viz: T1 = SAMPEA-14, T2 = SAMPEA11, T3 = SAMPEA-8, T4 = Iron beans, T5 = Ife Brown (“BOSAP”), T6 = White “kanannado” and T7 = “kilikili” which were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in three replicates. Data were collected on leaf area, leaf area index, fresh plant weight, shoot dry matter weight and grains yield. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5 % probability level. Result shows that effect of striga was significant on leaf area, leaf area index and grains yield of cowpea while fresh plant weight and shoot dry matter weight were not significantly affected. Iron beans produced the highest leaf area while kilikili produced the highest leaf area index. SAMPEA -14 exhibited higher striga resistance with no striga emergence throughout the period of the study. In terms of yield, all the improved varieties together with Kilikili performed better than the other cultivars. SAMPEA -14 recorded the highest grains (2110.90 kg ha-1 ) and is hereby recommended for adoption by farmers in Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria and similar areas with severe Striga gesnerioides infestations.
Determination of Soil Microaggregates Indices of Gully Erosion on Some Arable Lands in Yola South Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria
The study aimed at determining soil microaggregates indices of gully erosion on some arable lands in Yola South LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three arable lands were selected, namely Yolde pate, Mbamba and Bole where gullies were randomly selected based on the gully distributions. The nature and characteristics such as age, shape, size, pattern, position, activity, stage and continuity of the gullies were observed and soil samples were collected along the gully wall layers (top, middle and bottom). The collected samples were prepared for soil micro- aggregates analysis in the laboratory and also soil microaggregates indices were calculated respectively. The results revealed that 12 gullies were identified characterized with small to large size having annular and dendritic pattern facing NW, SW and NE in an active and continuous process of development. The microaggregate indices of all the areas shows that the soils have high susceptibility to erosion with CDR > 15 %. At Yolde pate area CDR and CDI varied from 77.17-40.42 % and 69.17-33.92 % while at Mbamba 74.32-42.44 % and 78.74-39.45 % and Bole 71.62-45.58 %. However, the erosion susceptibility decreased from top to bottom of the gullies due to increase in CFI values at Bole and Yolde pate areas. To realize improve soil micoraggregate stability in the area, It is therefore recommended that farmers should adopt the use of organic materials incorporation and improve proper land use management.
The Prevalence, Economic Impact and associated risk factors of Fascioliasis in Ruminants Slaughtered at Mubi Slaughter Slab, Mubi-North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria
This research was conducted to determine the prevalence, economic impact, and associated risk factors of fascioliasis in domestic ruminants slaughtered at Mubi North slaughter slab. 300 ruminant species were examined randomly from (July – September, 2024). This was achieved through ante-mortem to determine the Body Condition Score (BCS) and post-mortem inspection to access the level of liver damage. Bile samples collected was subjected to microscopic examination to determine the prevalence. Additionally, 120 structured questionnaire was administered to livestock farmers in five different wards randomly selected to assess the risk factors influencing disease transmission and spread. The economic loss was also determined by market survey. Results reveals that 72 animals were positive with a prevalence of 24%. 42 were females and 30 were males. Across species. 25 cattle, were positive where 11(22%) were male and 14(28%) were females. While in sheep 24 animals were infected where 9(18%) were male and 15(30%) were females. In goats, 23 were positive where 10(20%) were male and 13(26%) were female respectively. Significant variation occurred across geographical origins, with Vimtim recording the highest prevalence in cattle (40%) and goats (40%). Loses due to condemned livers was approximately ₦867,000 during the study period. Risk factors analysis indicates (82.2%), graze near water bodies, (80.8%) use river/stream as their water sources. (80.8%) had snail in grazing areas. (73.9%) practiced open grazing, (84.9%) are not aware of the disease and poor deworming practices constitute about (71%). Strict surveillance, farmers’ education, and veterinary services will help prevent the effect of fascioliasis in these areas.
The Spatial Analysis of Roadside Parking Distribution in Jimeta Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study analyzes the spatial distribution of roadside parking in Jimeta Metropolis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify parking hotspots and evaluate their implications for urban mobility. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained through field surveys, manual traffic counts, and GPS mapping of roadside parking locations, while qualitative insights were gathered through direct observation, open-ended questionnaires, and interviews with key stakeholders. Spatial analysis was conducted using GIS to map parking patterns and identify clustering, while SPSS was used for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. A total of 312 roadside parking sites were identified and mapped across the metropolis. Results indicate that roadside parking is highly concentrated along major transportation corridors, with 62% of parking sites located on major roads, 27% on minor roads, and only 11% on residential streets. Kernel Density Estimation revealed five major parking hotspots, primarily within the central business and commercial districts, where parking densities exceeded 45 parking points per square kilometer. Environmental constraints, including the River Benue, Lake Geriyo, Lake Njiwa, and extensive marshy zones, significantly limit the availability of land for off-street parking infrastructure, thereby reinforcing dependence on roadside parking. Although a recently constructed flyover reflects ongoing infrastructural interventions, spatial analysis shows no discernible reduction in roadside parking intensity in adjacent areas. The findings highlight a pronounced mismatch between parking demand and formal parking supply, contributing to congestion, reduced road capacity, and inefficient use of urban road space. The study underscores the value of GIS-based spatial analysis for evidence-based parking management and recommends the provision of off-street parking facilities, enforcement of parking regulations, and integration of sustainable urban planning strategies to improve mobility in Jimeta Metropolis.
Rate of Fuel Wood Consumption in Selected Communities around Borgu Sector of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria
This study assesses rate of fuel wood consumption preferences in selected communities around Borgu sector of Kainji Lake National Park. The study population for this research consists of households of four selected communities (Leshegbe, Malale, Kali and Baburasa) which were selected in Borgu sector of Kainji Lake National Park. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select the communities while Simple random sampling was adopted in selecting household members. Data collected were analyzed and interpreted using frequency distribution and simple percentage. The sources of domestic energy revealed that firewood is the major source of domestic energy with 72 observations, followed by Charcoal with 32 observations while electrical cooker recorded the least with 2 observations. The tree species use as fuel wood show that Vitalaria paradoxa recorded the highest with 22.5%, followed by Diospyros mespiliformis and Tamarindus indica with 15.0% each while Parkia biglobosa recorded the least with 1.6%. The source of fuel wood in the study area indicated that nearby farm/bush recorded the highest with 51 observations while around houses recorded the least with 7 observations. The level of fuel wood consumption in the study area showed that very high recorded the highest with 57.5%, followed by high with 25.8% while very low is the least with 0.0%. The factors responsible for the preference of fuel wood revealed that availability and accessibility recorded the highest with 32.5%, followed by Fast in cooking with 25.8% while it gives food special aroma and taste recorded the least with 2.5%. The study concludes that fuelwood is one of the significant products of the forest of which the resident communities rely on for their livelihood and energy for domestic use.
The Environmental Impact of Gully Erosion and Its Implications for Soil Loss in Northern Adamawa state, Nigeria
Gully erosion has become a significant environmental issue, dramatically contributing to soil degradation and adversely affecting soil fertility, water quality, and ecosystem health worldwide. This study investigates the extent and impact of gully erosion in Northern Adamawa State, Nigeria, focusing on five local government areas comprising Madagali, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South and Maiha Local Government where 163 gully sites were identified. Using a 30- meter measuring tape, the dimensions of each gully were recorded, resulting in a total gully length of 12,349.4 meters. The Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) methodology was applied to calculate the volume of displaced soil, which was found to be 73,133.15 cubic meters. Furthermore, the study estimated an annual soil loss of approximately 58,471.05 tonnes. These results highlight the severe implications of gully erosion, such as significant soil fertility loss, decreased agricultural productivity, damage to infrastructure, and negative socio-economic impacts. The study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive soil conservation and land management strategies, including reforestation, terracing, and community engagement, to mitigate these adverse effects and restore environmental stability.
Geospatial Analysis of Agricultural Encroachment on Natural Forest in Ife South Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria
This study examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of agricultural encroachment on natural forests in Ife South Local Government Area, Osun State, South-Western Nigeria. Over the past two decades (2002 – 2022), the region has witnessed significant land use changes, driven by economic transformation and population growth, leading to the conversion of forested areas for cultivation. The study utilized Landsat imageries for 2002 (ETM+), 2015, and 2022 (OLI/TIRS) were acquired from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at a 30-meter spatial resolution. The images were processed and classified using ArcGIS 10.8 and ERDAS Imagine 2015. A supervised classification was performed to quantify land use/land cover changes. Supplementing the geospatial analysis, in-depth interviews were also conducted in selected communities within the study area to gauge perceptions. The findings reveal a complex pattern of change: while natural vegetation showed a net increase of 28.13% over the 20-year period, it experienced a significant decline of 39% between 2002 and 2015 before recovering. Cultivated land and plantations decreased by 28.78% and 63.31% respectively, whereas built-up areas expanded dramatically by 138.62%. Qualitative data identified agriculture as the primary driver of forest loss (90% of respondents), leading to negative impacts on livelihoods, including reduced crop yields and loss of forest benefits, as well as environmental degradation such as reduced air quality and land degradation. The study recommends an integrated approach involving sustainable land-use planning, agroforestry, community participation in forest management, and strengthened law enforcement to mitigate encroachment and achieve a balance between agricultural development and environmental conservation.
Distribution and Abundance of Freshwater Snails of Medical and Veterinary Importance in Mubi North Local Government Area , Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study examines the distribution and abundance of snails of medical and veterinary importance across different aquatic habitats in Mubi North Local Government Area, Adamawa state, Nigeria. This study aimed to determine species composition, distribution and abundance, the influence of ecological factors on the abundance of fresh water snail species known to be vectors of diseases such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Sampling was conducted using standard scooping and hand-picking methods. A total of 2307 snails species were collected and identified morphologically using standard identification guides. Water samples from each site were analyzed for key ecological parameters including pH, temperature, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, hardness, and total dissolved solids. The result from the study identified three species of snail: Bulinus globosus, Lymnaea natalensis and Bulinus truncatus. Bulinus globosus were the dominant species across the study area, comprising 86.35% of the total snail population, with the highest population in Betso and the least in Muchalla. This dominance indicates a high risk for schistosomiasis transmission. Lymnaea natalensis (8.75%) and Bulinus truncatus (4.26%) were less abundant but notable due to their role in fascioliasis. The analysis of ecological parameters revealed that the mean value of water pH, (5.93), DO (2.65 mg/L), and TDS (694.98 mg/L) significantly influenced snail abundance. High snail population were associated with moderate pH, warm temperature (26.86°C), and moderately high nutrient levels. Sites with extreme values of pH or low DO showed reduced snail diversity. The study underscores the importance of ecological surveillance and targeted control in habitats with favorable conditions for snail proliferation. Effective control strategies should integrate ecological monitoring to disrupt the transmission of snailborne diseases in the region.